[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"list-exhibitions-zh":3,"list-museums-zh":87},[4,40,67],{"id":5,"slug":6,"status":7,"body":8,"name":9,"cover":12,"order":5,"museum":26,"summary":27,"featured":29,"artifacts":30,"created_at":38,"updated_at":39},1,"bronze-ritual-vessels","current","## 为什么做这个专题\n\n早期青铜器的入门难点不在\"看不看得懂纹饰\"，而在**器物名字太多**：鼎、鬲、甗、簋、爵、觚、斝、尊、彝、壶……它们其实分属三个功能组：炊器、食器、酒器。名字是功能的外壳。\n\n这个专题按\"先分组、再看工艺演进\"的顺序组织七件展品：\n\n1. **炊器组** —— [分裆鼎](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fshang-liding)（袋足）与[青铜鼎](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fshang-ding)（柱足），对比足制。\n2. **酒器组** —— [青铜觚](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fxizhou-gu)、[青铜斝](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fshang-jia)、[青铜方彝](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fshang-fangyou)、[青铜尊](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fxizhou-fuwu-zun)。\n3. **工艺的分水岭** —— [错铜纹壶](\u002Fartifacts\u002Feastern-zhou-hu)：纹饰从\"铸出来\"变成\"嵌进去\"。\n\n## 一条隐藏的线索\n\n七件里六件是铸造成型、纹饰与器身一体；只有东周那件壶，把红铜嵌进了凹槽。这一小步意味着模具精度可以放宽、纹样可以更自由——青铜器的审美从\"厚重\"转向\"流动\"，就发生在这里。\n\n> 专题内所有影像与元数据均来自克利夫兰艺术博物馆与大都会艺术博物馆的开放数据接口（CC0）。",{"en":10,"zh":11},"Casting and Sacrifice: Shang and Zhou Bronze Ritual Vessels","铸与祭：商周青铜礼器",{"alt":13,"src":16,"width":17,"height":18,"source":19,"caption":24},{"en":14,"zh":15},"A Shang dynasty bronze fangyou vessel with taotie decor","商代青铜方彝，器身与盖满饰兽面纹","artifacts\u002Fcleveland-1963.103-fangyou.jpg",2427,3400,{"url":20,"license":21,"provider":22,"replaceBeforeLaunch":23},"https:\u002F\u002Fclevelandart.org\u002Fart\u002F1963.103","cc0","The Cleveland Museum of Art",false,{"zh":25},"商代青铜方彝（克利夫兰艺术博物馆藏，1963.103）","cleveland",{"zh":28},"把七件商周青铜器排成一条时间线：从安阳期的鼎、斝、方彝，到东周开始嵌红铜的壶。看的不是单件文物，而是铸造技术与礼制需求互相推着走的三百年。",true,[31,32,33,34,35,36,37],"shang-ding","shang-fangyou","shang-liding","shang-jia","xizhou-fuwu-zun","xizhou-gu","eastern-zhou-hu","2026-10-08T08:00:28.000Z","2026-10-12T01:30:04.000Z",{"id":41,"slug":42,"status":7,"body":43,"name":44,"cover":47,"order":59,"museum":60,"summary":61,"featured":29,"artifacts":63,"created_at":38,"updated_at":39},3,"jade-three-millennia","## 为什么玉器值得单独看\n\n青铜器是\"用得上\"的礼器：煮肉、温酒、盛水，功能还在。玉器不是。琮和璧从一出现就是**纯粹的礼器**——不盛物、不加热、不佩戴，只出现在墓葬与祭祀场合。\n\n这就带来一个有意思的问题：一件东西如果既不实用、又需要极高的加工成本（玉料硬度高，只能用解玉砂慢慢磨），它为什么重要？答案写在《周礼》那套\"以苍璧礼天、以黄琮礼地\"的体系里——玉的价值不在用处，在秩序。\n\n::quote{cite=\"《周礼·春官·大宗伯》\"}\n以苍璧礼天，以黄琮礼地。\n::\n\n## 三件怎么排\n\n1. **良渚玉琮** —— 新石器时代，外方内圆，考古学上认定与天地观念的对应关系最早成形于此。\n2. **商代玉琮** —— 形制延续，体量缩小。商人在青铜上做加法，在玉上做减法。\n3. **战国谷纹璧** —— 纹饰变成整齐的谷纹阵列，加工精度明显提升，玉开始同时作为佩饰出现。\n\n## 看得见的差异\n\n先看两件琮。良渚的那件四角纵向叠着七八节神人兽面纹，密到需要用放大镜；商代这件只剩几道横线与竖槽——形还在，纹没了。器形被沿用，原本承载它的图像系统却已失传或不再被理解。\n\n::wide-image{src=\"artifacts\u002Fcleveland-1915.630-cong.jpg\" alt=\"商代玉琮\" caption=\"商代玉琮，克利夫兰艺术博物馆藏（CC0）\"}\n::\n\n两件琮的对比之外，第三件是璧：\n\n::artifact-ref{slug=\"warring-states-bi\"}\n::\n\n> 三件展品的影像与元数据均来自大都会艺术博物馆与克利夫兰艺术博物馆的开放数据接口（CC0）。",{"en":45,"zh":46},"Ritual in Stone: Three Millennia of Jade","石之礼：玉器三千年",{"alt":48,"src":51,"width":52,"height":53,"source":54,"caption":57},{"en":49,"zh":50},"A Liangzhu culture jade cong with square exterior and round bore","良渚文化玉琮，外方内圆，通体刻细密纹饰","artifacts\u002Fmet-72376-cong.jpg",3001,4000,{"url":55,"license":21,"provider":56,"replaceBeforeLaunch":23},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fart\u002Fcollection\u002Fsearch\u002F72376","The Metropolitan Museum of Art",{"zh":58},"良渚文化玉琮（大都会艺术博物馆藏，72376）",2,"met",{"zh":62},"三件玉器，跨度约两千年：新石器时代的琮、商代的小型琮、战国的谷纹璧。它们几乎不承担实用功能，却在各自的时代里是最重要的\"礼\"。",[64,65,66],"liangzhu-cong","shang-cong","warring-states-bi",{"id":59,"slug":68,"status":7,"body":69,"name":70,"cover":73,"order":41,"museum":26,"summary":83,"featured":23,"artifacts":85,"created_at":38,"updated_at":39},"cleveland-china-highlights","## 关于这个专题\n\n克利夫兰艺术博物馆的中国收藏不是\"零散收到什么展什么\"，而是很早就按门类成体系地建立：青铜、玉器、瓷器、绘画、造像各有专人负责。这个专题挑出四件作为入口：\n\n- **玉器** —— [商代玉琮](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fshang-cong)、[战国玉璧](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fwarring-states-bi)\n- **瓷器** —— [成化款杯](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fchenghua-cup)\n- **青铜** —— [青铜斝](\u002Fartifacts\u002Fshang-jia)\n\n## 关于日期\n\n这是本站自制的线上专题，没有对应的线下展期——页面展示的是\"当前\"状态的样式，正式上线时按实际内容替换。\n\n> 专题内影像与元数据来自克利夫兰艺术博物馆开放数据接口（CC0）。",{"en":71,"zh":72},"Online Feature: The Cleveland Chinese Galleries","线上专题：克利夫兰的中国厅",{"alt":74,"src":77,"width":78,"height":18,"source":79,"caption":81},{"en":75,"zh":76},"An adoring monk figure from the Cleveland Museum of Art","克利夫兰藏佛教造像，一位恭敬的僧人像","exhibitions\u002Fcleveland-1962.213-adoring-monk.jpg",2912,{"url":80,"license":21,"provider":22,"replaceBeforeLaunch":23},"https:\u002F\u002Fclevelandart.org\u002Fart\u002F1962.213",{"zh":82},"克利夫兰艺术博物馆藏，1962.213",{"zh":84},"以克利夫兰中国艺术展厅为线索的线上专题：青铜、玉器、瓷器、造像四条线各取一到两件，看一家美国博物馆是如何系统地收藏中国的。",[65,66,86,34],"chenghua-cup",[88,134,179,211,239],{"id":41,"slug":60,"status":89,"url":90,"body":91,"city":92,"name":93,"type":95,"cover":96,"order":5,"images":110,"country":120,"founded":121,"summary":122,"featured":29,"location":124,"visiting":127,"created_at":132,"updated_at":133},"published","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org","## 为什么本站先收它\n\n大都会是少数**把中国青铜器、玉器、书画按朝代串起来讲**的海外馆，而且影像授权干净：官方开放接口免 Key，标注公有领域的作品可直接商用、免署名。对一期\"内容能马上长出来\"这件事，它是主力馆。\n\n## 取材范围\n\n本站当前只从**亚洲艺术部**（Met 内部编号 departmentId=6）取内容，选件标准两条：\n\n1. 有公有领域高清影像，且原图尺寸够做放大看图；\n2. 年代链条要能连上——从新石器时代良渚的玉琮，到商周青铜礼器，再到唐宋书画，用户能在一条时间线上看懂\"器物—礼制—审美\"是怎么变的。\n\n## 看展建议\n\n亚洲部在中国馆（China Galleries）常设展出青铜与玉器，明清书画与佛教作品按特展节奏轮换。远程浏览时，本站把同一类别的物件并置（例如两件不同年代的玉琮），这是实体展厅很难做到的对照。\n\n> 提示：本页文字为本站依据公开馆藏资料整理撰写，不是馆方解说词的中译。","纽约",{"en":56,"zh":94},"大都会艺术博物馆","艺术博物馆",{"alt":97,"src":100,"width":101,"height":102,"source":103,"caption":108},{"en":98,"zh":99},"The Metropolitan Museum of Art, entrance facade","大都会艺术博物馆正面入口","museums\u002Fmet.jpg",1907,1548,{"url":104,"note":105,"license":106,"provider":107,"replaceBeforeLaunch":29},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art,_New_York_City_NY,_entrance.jpg","站方外观照需替换为自有拍摄或可商用授权图","cc-by-sa","Wikimedia Commons（Arad）",{"zh":109},"中央公园东侧的主入口，立面为麦金米德与怀特建筑师事务所设计",[111],{"alt":112,"src":114,"width":115,"height":53,"source":116,"caption":118},{"zh":113},"明代 silk 刺绣金刚手菩萨像","exhibitions\u002Fmet-39742-vajrabhairava.jpg",3471,{"url":117,"license":21,"provider":56},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fart\u002Fcollection\u002Fsearch\u002F39742",{"zh":119},"亚洲部藏的明代刺绣，是本站青铜与书画之外的补充线索","美国",1870,{"zh":123},"北美规模最大的艺术博物馆，藏量约五十万件，跨越五千年。中国藏区（亚洲艺术部）是本站主要取材处：商周青铜、良渚玉琮、唐宋书画都有可直接商用的高清影像。",{"lat":125,"lng":126},40.779437,-73.96323,{"ticket":128,"address":130},{"zh":129},"成人需购票，纽约州居民与会员可自助付费；具体金额以官网为准",{"zh":131},"1000 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10028","2026-10-08T07:57:31.000Z","2026-10-12T05:37:09.000Z",{"id":59,"slug":26,"status":89,"url":135,"body":136,"city":137,"name":138,"plan":140,"type":95,"cover":144,"order":59,"images":156,"country":120,"founded":166,"summary":167,"featured":29,"location":170,"visiting":173,"created_at":132,"updated_at":178},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.clevelandart.org","## 为什么它是本站的\"内容发动机\"\n\n克利夫兰的开放数据是三家源里最规整的：接口免 Key、字段结构化（年代、出土地、尺寸、材质、入藏号都分开），许可统一标 CC0，图片给到 2400–3400px。这意味着展品页的年代、材质、尺寸三个字段可以直接从接口取，不需要人工抄录，也就不会抄错。\n\n## 内容取向\n\n中国艺术部（Chinese Art）是本站取件的核心部门。它的特点是有成序列的商周青铜礼器，鼎、方彝、尊、斝、罍能凑齐一组，够撑起\"礼与乐\"这一类主题展览叙事，而不是只挑一两件明星器物。\n\n## 授权说明\n\n影像与元数据均为 CC0，可商用、无需署名。中文介绍文案由本站按公开资料整理撰写，属于自有内容。","克利夫兰",{"en":22,"zh":139},"克利夫兰艺术博物馆",{"image":141,"width":142,"height":143},"panoramas\u002Fdemo-plan.svg",720,360,{"alt":145,"src":147,"width":148,"height":149,"source":150,"caption":154},{"zh":146},"克利夫兰艺术博物馆新馆立面","museums\u002Fcleveland.jpg",1920,1440,{"url":151,"license":152,"provider":153,"replaceBeforeLaunch":23},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_new_wing_facade.jpg","public-domain","Wikimedia Commons（Daderot）",{"zh":155},"1916 年开馆的希腊复兴式主楼与 2013 年增建的新翼",[157],{"alt":158,"src":160,"width":18,"height":161,"source":162,"caption":164},{"zh":159},"清代仿古玉壶","artifacts\u002Fcleveland-1964.237-jade-hu.jpg",3365,{"url":163,"license":21,"provider":22,"replaceBeforeLaunch":23},"https:\u002F\u002Fclevelandart.org\u002Fart\u002F1964.237",{"zh":165},"中国艺术部的常设线索之一：清代对青铜器型的仿古再造",1916,{"en":168,"zh":169},"","以一部中国艺术收藏立身的美国中型博物馆。开放接口把 6.8 万件藏品的高清图与元数据一次性放成 CC0，其中中国青铜 410 件、玉器 348 件、瓷器 714 件，是本站\"中国古代文物\"这条内容线的最大素材来源。",{"lat":171,"lng":172},41.508889,-81.611667,{"ticket":174,"address":176},{"zh":175},"常设展免费入场，特展另计",{"zh":177},"11150 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106","2026-10-14T05:29:31.000Z",{"id":180,"slug":181,"status":89,"url":182,"body":183,"city":184,"name":185,"type":188,"cover":189,"order":41,"country":199,"founded":200,"summary":201,"featured":23,"location":203,"visiting":206,"created_at":132,"updated_at":178},5,"rijksmuseum","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl","## 本站为什么收它\n\n一是它代表了\"欧洲馆藏\"这条线，与两家美国馆形成对照；二是它的瓷器藏量能支撑起\"青花如何从中国瓷变成欧洲瓷\"这一类跨馆叙事——克利夫兰与Met 出中国原型，Rijksmuseum 出荷兰仿制品，读者看的是同一条技术与审美的迁移路径。\n\n## 取材进度\n\n一期只做这一个馆的门面页与外观影像。它的高清看图与亚洲部藏品接入排在阶段 1 之后，等接口调试完成再补内容，不会先挂一个空页。\n\n## 授权说明\n\n其开放数据分为公有领域与 CC BY 两类。本页外观图为公有领域；后续接入藏品影像时，凡 CC BY 一律在素材台账里登记署名信息。","阿姆斯特丹",{"en":186,"zh":187},"Rijksmuseum","荷兰国立博物馆","国家博物馆",{"alt":190,"src":192,"width":148,"height":193,"source":194,"caption":197},{"zh":191},"Rijksmuseum 主楼早期照片","museums\u002Frijksmuseum.jpg",1305,{"url":195,"license":152,"provider":196,"replaceBeforeLaunch":23},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_ca_1895.jpg","Wikimedia Commons（未署名，公有领域）",{"zh":198},"1885 年启用的铜顶主楼，出自同一座建筑的早期影像","荷兰",1800,{"en":168,"zh":202},"荷兰国家级博物馆，以伦勃朗《夜巡》与代尔夫特陶器藏量著称，同时保有亚洲艺术展厅（青花瓷与东南亚造像）。它的开放数据端点免 Key，IIIF 高清影像可达 4600px 见方。",{"lat":204,"lng":205},52.36,4.885278,{"ticket":207,"address":209},{"zh":208},"需购票，具体金额以官网为准",{"zh":210},"Museumstraat 1, 1071 XX Amsterdam",{"id":5,"slug":212,"status":89,"url":213,"body":214,"city":215,"name":216,"type":95,"cover":219,"order":229,"country":120,"founded":230,"summary":231,"featured":23,"location":233,"visiting":236,"created_at":132,"updated_at":178},"chicago","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.artic.edu","## 本站为什么收它\n\n它是\"世界艺术\"这条线的补齐项：一期主线是中国古代文物，但只做青铜玉器会让首页显得偏科，印象派与美国写实绘画是必要的平衡。\n\n## 取材限制（已实测）\n\n数据接口免 Key、约 13.3 万条、标注 CC0；但图片走 IIIF，域名对脚本请求返回 **403**，需要伪装浏览器 UA 或人工下载。这一条决定了它不能进自动化流水线，所以一期的藏品内容只从 Met 与克利夫兰两家取，本馆先做门面页。\n\n## 上线前\n\n外观图为 CC BY-SA，必须替换（详见 `docs\u002F素材待替换清单.md`）。","芝加哥",{"en":217,"zh":218},"Art Institute of Chicago","芝加哥艺术博物馆",{"alt":220,"src":222,"width":148,"height":149,"source":223,"caption":227},{"zh":221},"芝加哥艺术博物馆正立面与门前的铜狮","museums\u002Fchicago.jpg",{"url":224,"note":225,"license":106,"provider":226,"replaceBeforeLaunch":29},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:20070622_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_Front_View.JPG","CC BY-SA 要求署名且衍生图同许可共享，商用站上线前需替换","Wikimedia Commons（User:TonyTheTiger）",{"zh":228},"密歇根大道与亚当斯街路口，铜狮是这座馆的门面标志",4,1879,{"en":168,"zh":232},"美国规模最大的艺术博物馆之一，以印象派与美国绘画著称，同时有相当规模的中国古代雕塑与书画收藏。开放数据接口标注 CC0，但图片域名对非浏览器请求返回 403。",{"lat":234,"lng":235},41.879444,-87.623889,{"address":237},{"zh":238},"111 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60603",{"id":229,"slug":240,"status":89,"url":241,"body":242,"city":243,"name":244,"type":95,"cover":247,"order":180,"country":120,"founded":259,"summary":260,"featured":23,"location":262,"visiting":265,"created_at":132,"updated_at":178},"minneapolis","https:\u002F\u002Fnew.artsmia.org","## 本站为什么收它\n\n一句话：**它是目前唯一能看到\"中国青铜器真文物 3D\"的开放来源**。其他四家给的都是影像，只有它把器物扫成了模型。\n\n## 需要提醒你的一个变化\n\n原计划认为它的 Sketchfab 通道已经核实可用，但本轮实测发现 Sketchfab v3 搜索接口的 `q` 参数被忽略（换任何关键词都返回同一批最新模型），按用户名的取模型接口也返 0 条。**这条通道要在阶段 2 开工前重新验证**，详细记录见 `docs\u002F素材待替换清单.md` 第三节。\n\n它的开放数据 API（`api.artsmia.org`）从国内网络连不通，所以一期的内容仍然只有门面页。","明尼阿波利斯",{"en":245,"zh":246},"Minneapolis Institute of Art","明尼阿波利斯艺术博物馆",{"alt":248,"src":250,"width":148,"height":251,"source":252,"caption":257},{"zh":249},"明尼阿波利斯艺术博物馆的新古典主义立面","museums\u002Fminneapolis.jpg",1282,{"url":253,"note":254,"license":255,"provider":256,"replaceBeforeLaunch":29},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Neo-Classical_-_Minneapolis,_MN_-_Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art_(1).jpg","CC BY 可商用但必须署名，上线前统一替换","cc-by","Wikimedia Commons（Bmzuckerman）",{"zh":258},"华盛顿大道入口的柱廊，是这座馆最常被拍摄的一面",1910,{"en":168,"zh":261},"美国中西部规模最大的艺术博物馆之一，中国藏品的密度出人意料地高。它把一批商周青铜器扫描成 3D 模型发布在 Sketchfab 上，是本站阶段 2\"真文物 3D\"最现实的来源。",{"lat":263,"lng":264},44.958611,-93.274167,{"ticket":266,"address":268},{"zh":267},"常设展免费入场",{"zh":269},"2400 3rd Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55404"]